Throwing techniques or nage waza in Judo refer to techniques meant to unbalance and throw an opponent to the ground. In wrestling and BJJ, these are commonly known as takedowns.
In Judo, there are four well-defined elements of nage waza:
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kumi-kata: grip fighting/hand fighting to secure dominant grips and positioning.
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kuzushi: off-balancing the opponent to make the opponent easier (or possible to begin with) to throw.
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tsukuri: getting into position for the throw.
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kake: executing the technique.